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(一)简述
在使用ansible做自动化运维的时候,免不了的要重复执行某些操作,如:添加几个用户,创建几个MySQL用户并为之赋予权限,操作某个目录下所有文件等等。好在playbook支持循环语句,可以使得某些需求很容易而且很规范的实现。
(二)常用的循环语句
1,with_items。with_items是playbooks中最基本也是最常用的循环语句:
语法:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 | tasks: - name:Secure config files file : path= /etc/ { { item }} mode=0600 owner=root group=root with_items: - my.cnf - shadow - fstab 或with_items: "{ { somelist }}" ###上面的例子说明在/etc下创建权限级别为600,属主属组都是root三个文件 |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 | 使用with_items迭代循环的变量可以是个单纯的列表,也可以是一个较为复杂 的数据结果,如字典类型: tasks: - name: add several users user: name={ { item.name }} state=present groups ={ { item. groups }} with_items: - { name: 'testuser1' , groups : 'wheel' } - { name: 'testuser2' , groups : 'root' } |
示例:
1 2 3 4 5 6 | tasks: - name: give users access to multiple databases mysql_user: name={ { item[0] }} priv={ { item[1] }}.*:ALL append_privs= yes password=foo with_nested: - [ 'alice' , 'bob' ] - [ 'clientdb' , 'employeedb' , 'providerdb' ] |
item[0]是循环的第一个列表的值['alice','bob']。item[1]是第二个列表的值。表示循环创建alice和bob两个用户,并且为其赋予在三个数据库上的所有权限。
也可以将用户列表事先赋值给一个变量:
1 2 3 4 5 6 | tasks: - name: here, 'users' contains the above list of employees mysql_user: name={ { item[0] }} priv={ { item[1] }}.*:ALL append_privs= yes password=foo with_nested: - "`users`" - [ 'clientdb' , 'employeedb' , 'providerdb' ] |
3、with_dict
with_dict可以遍历更复杂的数据结构。假如有如下变量内容:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 | users : alice: name: Alice Appleworth telephone: 123-456-7890 bob: name: Bob Bananarama telephone: 987-654-3210 |
1 2 3 4 5 | ####现在需要输出每个用户的用户名和手机号: tasks: - name: Print phone records debug: msg= "User { { item.key }} is { { item.value.name }} ({ { item.value.telephone }})" with_dict: "{ { users }}" |
4、with_fileglob文件匹配遍历
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 | ####可以指定一个目录,使用with_fileglob可以循环这个目录中的所有文件,示例如下: tasks: - name:Make key directory file : path= /root/ .sshkeys ensure=directory mode=0700 owner=root group=root - name:Upload public keys copy: src={ { item }} dest= /root/ .sshkeys mode=0600 owner=root group=root with_fileglob: - keys/*.pub - name:Assemble keys into authorized_keys file assemble: src= /root/ .sshkeys dest= /root/ . ssh /authorized_keysmode =0600 owner=root group=root |
5、with_subelement遍历子元素
假如现在需要遍历一个用户列表,并创建每个用户,而且还需要为每个用户配置以特定的SSH key登录。变量文件内容如下:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 | users : - name: alice authorized: - /tmp/alice/onekey .pub - /tmp/alice/twokey .pub mysql: password: mysql-password hosts: - "%" - "127.0.0.1" - "::1" - "localhost" privs: - "*.*:SELECT" - "DB1.*:ALL" - name: bob authorized: - /tmp/bob/id_rsa .pub mysql: password: other-mysql-password hosts: - "db1" privs: - "*.*:SELECT" - "DB2.*:ALL" |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 | ###playbook中定义如下: - user: name={ { item.name }} state=present generate_ssh_key= yes with_items: "`users`" - authorized_key: "user={ { item.0.name }} key='{ { lookup('file', item.1) }}'" with_subelements: - users - authorized |
1 2 3 4 5 6 | ###也可以遍历嵌套的子列表: - name: Setup MySQL users mysql_user: name={ { item.0.name }} password={ { item.0.mysql.password }} host={ { item.1 }} priv={ { item.0.mysql.privs | join ( '/' ) }} with_subelements: - users - mysql.hosts |
6、with_sequence循环整数序列
with_sequence可以生成一个自增的整数序列,可以指定起始值和结束值,也可以指定增长步长。 参数以key=value的形式指定,format指定输出的格式。数字可以是十进制、十六进制、八进制:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 | - hosts: all tasks: # create groups - group: name=evens state=present - group: name=odds state=present # create some test users - user: name={ { item }} state=present groups =evens with_sequence: start=0 end=32 format =testuser%02d # create a series of directories with even numbers for some reason - file : dest= /var/stuff/ { { item }} state=directory with_sequence: start=4 end=16 stride=2 # stride用于指定步长 # a simpler way to use the sequence plugin # create 4 groups - group: name=group{ { item }} state=present with_sequence: count=4 |
7、with_random_choice随机选择
从列表中随机取一个值:
1 2 3 4 5 6 | - debug: msg={ { item }} with_random_choice: - "go through the door" - "drink from the goblet" - "press the red button" - "do nothing" |
8、do-Util循环
示例:
1 2 3 4 5 | - action: shell /usr/bin/foo register: result until : result.stdout. find ( "all systems go" ) != -1 retries: 5 delay: 10 |
重复执行shell模块,当shell模块执行的命令输出内容包含"all systems go"的时候停止。重试5次,延迟时间10秒。retries默认值为3,delay默认值为5。任务的返回值为最后一次循环的返回结果。
9、循环注册变量
在循环中使用register时,保存的结果中包含results关键字,该关键字保存模块执行结果的列表
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 | - shell: echo "{ { item }}" with_items: - one - two register: echo 变量 echo 内容如下: { "changed" : true , "msg" : "All items completed" , "results" : [ { "changed" : true , "cmd" : "echo \"one\" " , "delta" : "0:00:00.003110" , "end" : "2013-12-19 12:00:05.187153" , "invocation" : { "module_args" : "echo \"one\"" , "module_name" : "shell" }, "item" : "one" , "rc" : 0, "start" : "2013-12-19 12:00:05.184043" , "stderr" : "" , "stdout" : "one" }, { "changed" : true , "cmd" : "echo \"two\" " , "delta" : "0:00:00.002920" , "end" : "2013-12-19 12:00:05.245502" , "invocation" : { "module_args" : "echo \"two\"" , "module_name" : "shell" }, "item" : "two" , "rc" : 0, "start" : "2013-12-19 12:00:05.242582" , "stderr" : "" , "stdout" : "two" } ] } |
1 2 3 4 5 6 | ##遍历注册变量的结果: - name: Fail if return code is not 0 fail: msg: "The command ({ { item.cmd }}) did not have a 0 return code" when: item.rc != 0 with_items: "`echo`.`results`" |
10、with_together遍历数据并行集合
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 | 示例: - hosts: webservers remote_user: root vars: alpha: [ 'a' , 'b' , 'c' , 'd' ] numbers: [ 1,2,3,4 ] tasks: - debug: msg= "{ { item.0 }} and { { item.1 }}" with_together: - "{ { alpha }}" - "{ { numbers }}" 输出的结果为: ok: [192.168.1.65] => (item=[ 'a' , 1]) => { "item" : [ "a" , 1 ], "msg" : "a and 1" } ok: [192.168.1.65] => (item=[ 'b' , 2]) => { "item" : [ "b" , 2 ], "msg" : "b and 2" } ok: [192.168.1.65] => (item=[ 'c' , 3]) => { "item" : [ "c" , 3 ], "msg" : "c and 3" } ok: [192.168.1.65] => (item=[ 'd' , 4]) => { "item" : [ "d" , 4 ], "msg" : "d and 4" } |
loop模块一般在下面的场景中使用
类似的配置模块重复了多遍
fact是一个列表
创建多个文件,然后使用assemble聚合成一个大文件
使用with_fileglob匹配特定的文件管理
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